The journey in a self-driving Nissan throughout Woolwich in south-east London begins easily sufficient: fitted with cameras and sensors, the electrical automobile confidently handles pedestrian crossings, vans reducing into its lane with out warning and even scurrying jaywalkers.

Then comes an sudden impediment: a football-sized rock, fallen from the again of a lorry on to the center of the street. The specifically educated security driver unexpectedly grabs the steering wheel, taking again management to keep away from a nasty crunch.

It’s hardly a serious incident – and it’s the solely human intervention throughout 5 miles of navigating busy site visitors in an indication of the ServCity analysis programme being carried out by the carmaker and companions in London. Nonetheless, it highlights the difficulties going through autonomous driving expertise earlier than it might turn into mainstream – notably on Britain’s busy and infrequently chaotic city roads.

“It’s a long-term journey we’re on,” says Matthew Ewing, Nissan’s vice-president for automobile engineering in Europe.

Arms-free driving continues to be banned within the UK, though the federal government final summer season pledged to permit the primary self-driving automobiles on British roads by 2025. Carmakers are racing to develop the expertise to have the ability to launch driverless taxis and ultimately private automobiles that may journey anyplace with out human enter.

Each massive automotive firm is waiting for autonomous automobiles, whereas startups such because the Alphabet-owned Waymo and the Common Motors-owned Cruise have additionally invested closely. Cruise has pushed paying prospects in driverless “robotaxis” in San Francisco, Phoenix and Austin within the US. In London, autonomous automobile trials have been carried out by the startups Oxbotica, Wayve and the Academy of Robotics.

The ServCity mission, which has obtained £7m from the UK authorities and is drawing to an finish subsequent month, is taking a look at methods to enhance efficiency in cities specifically. The mission has pushed 1,600 miles on a 2.7-mile route round Woolwich with 270 cameras plus different sensors. They permit the crew to gather information, but in addition to experiment with options similar to giving the automobile superior warning of obstacles together with parked buses blocking the lane forward – even when properly past the road of sight.

A Nissan automobile has already demonstrated what is feasible within the UK. Two years in the past a Leaf drove 230 miles utilizing autonomous expertise from the corporate’s technical centre in Cranfield, Bedfordshire, to its manufacturing plant in Sunderland, the place the mannequin is made. Most of that journey on predictable motorways was dealt with by pc, however security drivers nonetheless needed to intervene just a few instances. Taking the subsequent step to full autonomy is proving difficult.

“We most likely have 80% of the aptitude, however that final 20% goes to take a while,” Ewing says.

Nissan and its rivals have for 20 years been step by step including autonomous capabilities similar to sustaining a secure distance from the automobile in entrance on motorways and lane-keeping. Nonetheless, the transition from these stage 1 or 2 driver help methods to stage 3 – when the automobile is absolutely in management for a minimum of a number of the time – will be very troublesome.

London can be a very testing atmosphere – a minimum of when put next with the broad boulevards of the US or the orderly site visitors of Yokohoma, Japan, the place Nissan is headquartered.

Self-driving capabilities are cut up by the requirements physique SAE into six ranges: 0 for no autonomy, and stage 5 for full automation (the place you would go to sleep and get up at your vacation spot). The innovative in the meanwhile is nudging stage 3: automobiles which are able to driving themselves, however which may ask the driving force to intervene at any level.

Even Tesla, whose chief govt, Elon Musk, has promised robotaxis for years, nonetheless says that its “full self-driving” software program is simply capable of present “energetic steerage and assisted driving beneath your energetic supervision”. The carmaker has confronted criticism for its claims of “full self-driving” – together with in an advert from a rich critic at this 12 months’s Tremendous Bowl – and an investigation by the US justice division.

Ewing says the UK continues to be in a “good place” relative to different nations – though it must sustain with the EU because the expertise turns into nearer to mainstream adoption, and extra of the options are utilized in automobiles on the market.

“My feeling is will probably be a gradual, step-by-step course of,” he says. “It’ll turn into increasingly regular feeling.”